Characteristic impedance is the ratio of voltage and current of a single wave propagating along the line.Signal produces reflection in the impedance discontinuity if characteristic impedance of transmission path changes when signal is in the transmission process.

Differential impedance

Trace carries the opposite polarity of two same signal waveform transmission by individual,subtraction the two differential signal at receiver. Differential impedance is the impedance between the two lines.

Even mode impedance

Even mode impedance is the impedance of one line when the pair is driven commonly.

The factors affect impedance

W—Trace width/space. The impedance decrease when trace width increase, The impedance increases when the trace space.

H1—Insulation thickness. The impedance increase when insulation thickness increase

T—Copper thickness.The impedance decrease when copper thickness increase

C1—Solder mask thickness.The impedance decrease when solder mask thickness increase

Er—Dielectric constant. The impedance decrease when dielectric constant increase

Undercut—W1-W2. The impedance increase when undercut increase.

Impedance calculate equation

Zo=[87/( Er +1.41)^1/2]*ln[5.98H/(0.8W+T)]

For example: Calculate impedance 50 ohm for 4 layer board :

L1（TOPLAYER） 1.9mil

1080+2116 7.3mil

L2（GND） 1.2mil

Core 44.5mil

L3（VCC） 1.2mil

1080+2116 7.3mil

L4（BOTTOMLAYER） 1.9mil

Board thickness：65*0.0254＝1.6mm

Er=4.2 H=7.3mil T=1.9mil

Ln =2.71828

Input equation：50=[87/( 4.2 +1.41)^1/2]*ln[5.98×7.3/(0.8W+1.9)]

Result：W=11.6